to top 10 table

10 Best Coding Books for Kids Reviewed in 2024

last updated Aug 07, 2019

Because our world of high technology involves computers at almost every step, it is wise to get your kids started with coding and programming at a very early age. They begin practicing computer skills in school at the kindergarten level, so it is never too early to start at home. Kids as young as five can manipulate a keyboard to do the most basic tasks of programming and coding, so why wait? We have compiled a list of the best coding books for kids according to parent ratings.

Even though they all approach the learning of coding in different ways, these books are all engaging and fun for children with plenty of games, activities, and projects to make the education exciting. Each one is rated according to its educational value, ease of use, age range, and creativity to help you choose one or two for your child.

In a Hurry? The test winner after 35 hrs of research

icon
Games in Scratch
95.3/100 our score
Educational Value
96
Ease of Use
95
Creativity
94
Age Range
96
Games in Scratch
Why is it better?

For those with no or little coding experience

Instructions are simple to follow with fun graphics

Uses Scratch programming language

Make games and puzzles, animation, and mazes

Packed with many fun exercises

In a Hurry? Editors choice:
Games in Scratch
Test Winner: Games in Scratch
Amazon Link
Researched Sources
30
Researched Sources
Hours Researching
35
Hours Researching
Products Evaluated
27
Products Evaluated
Sorting Options
Educational Value Ease of Use Creativity Age Range By Default
Rank
PictureProduct
Name
Rating
Shops
#1
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
95.3
Educational Value
96 %
Ease of Use
95 %
Creativity
94 %
Age Range
96 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$4.79
#2
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
93.3
Educational Value
95 %
Ease of Use
94 %
Creativity
91 %
Age Range
93 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$7.99
#3
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
91.5
Educational Value
92 %
Ease of Use
94 %
Creativity
89 %
Age Range
91 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$6.29
#4
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
89.8
Educational Value
90 %
Ease of Use
93 %
Creativity
88 %
Age Range
88 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$1.77
#5
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
88.3
Educational Value
90 %
Ease of Use
91 %
Creativity
87 %
Age Range
85 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$12.99
#6
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
86.8
Educational Value
88 %
Ease of Use
90 %
Creativity
85 %
Age Range
84 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$8.99
#7
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
85.5
Educational Value
87 %
Ease of Use
88 %
Creativity
83 %
Age Range
84 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$33.32
#8
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
84
Educational Value
85 %
Ease of Use
86 %
Creativity
83 %
Age Range
82 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$9.99
#9
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
82.5
Educational Value
84 %
Ease of Use
84 %
Creativity
82 %
Age Range
80 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$9.99
#10
The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
80.3
Educational Value
82 %
Ease of Use
79 %
Creativity
81 %
Age Range
79 %
Price Comparison Last Updated (10.12.24)
Amazon Link
$9.99

10 Best Coding Books for Kids Reviewed

1. Games in Scratch

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
95.3
Games in Scratch
Amazon Link
Educational Value
96
Ease of Use
95
Creativity
94
Age Range
96
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$4.79

For those with no or little coding experience

Instructions are simple to follow with fun graphics

Uses Scratch programming language

Make games and puzzles, animation, and mazes

Packed with many fun exercises

Instructions can be complicated in places

Information is a bit outdated

Coding Games in Scratch comes as a paperback edition written by Jon Woodcock that uses Scratch programming language to teach building computer projects.

Read more

Instructions are simple to follow with fun graphics, and there are multiplayer or single platform games. Only a laptop or desktop computer is needed and a connection for the Internet. The programming language is Scratch 2.0, which is free for anyone to use online. The Internet connection is needed for project sharing and program download only. The author has a physics degree from Oxford and a Ph.D. from London in computational astrophysics and began coding at eight-years-old.

Educational value

It teaches creative thinking, working with others, and systematic reasoning as it builds valuable skills in programming computers. These valuable life lessons are required for most of today’s schools.

Ease of use

Packed with many fun exercises, it is for the advanced beginner in the grade range of third to seventh. Kids at this age should easily understand Scratch and its many possibilities.

Creativity

Make memory games and puzzles, add animation, and dart through mazes with this 224-page volume. It will seem like all fun and games to children but the lessons they learn along the way are important.

Age range

Made for those that have no or little coding experience, such as those in the eight to twelve-year-old range, this book is a straightforward, visual guide.

2. Girls Who Code

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
93.3
Girls Who Code
Amazon Link
Educational Value
95
Ease of Use
94
Creativity
91
Age Range
93
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$7.99

Explains coding principles well and simply

Has amazing artwork for illustrations

Provides real-life tales of females employed in coding

How to make your own robots, games, and apps

Empowers girls and shows them how to code

Some language offended homemaker moms

Not much of actual coding instruction

Written by Reshma Saujani and available as paperback, Kindle, audio CD, and audiobook modes, Girls Who Code is best for ages ten and older and grade levels of fifth and sixth.

Read more

Girls Who Code is a real national organization that has inspired more than 40,000 young females in America. It provides real-life tales of females employed at NASA and Pixar to show how far coding can take you. It empowers girls and shows them how to code from this author that is the CEO and founder of Girls Who Code. She has had plenty of publicity from New York Daily News, Fortune, WSJ Magazine, and Business Insider concerning her skills and books written.

Educational value

Not only will girls learn to code from this product but also be inspired to greatness with real-life examples of those who have gone before them in highly important jobs that use coding.

Ease of use

This 172-page volume explains coding principles well and simply with amazing artwork for illustrations. It uses mazes, puzzles, and games to show kids the basic principles needed.

Creativity

Coding is relevant in any occupation and interest, so this wonderful book shows how to make your own robots, games, and apps to learn. With this knowledge, children can then do their own creations.

Age range

Those in the grades of fifth and sixth will reap the most benefit from this unique book aimed toward girls who want to learn to code. It teaches kids to code in a fun and progressive way.

3. DK Workbooks

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
91.5
DK Workbooks
Amazon Link
Educational Value
92
Ease of Use
94
Creativity
89
Age Range
91
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$6.29

Visual workbook to introduce Scratch

Includes exciting pixel artwork and simple directions

Gives hands-on experiences

Games can be used with friends to play

Provides quizzes after each project

Book can be shorter than expected

A few parents thought the information could be better

This DK Workbook of Scratch is authored by Jon Woodcock and Steve Setford and is a visual workbook to introduce the simple program of Scratch for those aged six to nine-years-old.

Read more

The paperback edition leads the way from just playing games to eventually creating them and includes exciting pixel artwork and simple directions to cover the basic programming knowledge. It provides hands-on experiences in learning that is fun and engaging with just a laptop or desktop computer plus the Internet. The coding does not require the Internet, but the program download does. The writer has a physics degree and a computational astrophysics degree, plus gives many talks at schools about programming clubs and space.

Educational value

This terrific introductory tool to computer programming teaches creative thinking, systematic reasoning, and working with others. Coding for children does not have to be hard with the help of such books.

Ease of use

There are quizzes after each project to solidify the concepts and vocabulary in this 40-page book. It is made for the beginner and uses Scratch 2.0 program language.

Creativity

Some of the activities include a speed game, an animated bouncing melon, a ghost hunt with a flying witch, and a soccer game. Games can be used with friends to play.

Age range

Those aged six to nine will enjoy this book and the Scratch program the most. Most kids in school at this age are already experimenting with such code programs in their regular classes.

4. Code Your Own Games!

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
89.8
Code Your Own Games!
Amazon Link
Educational Value
90
Ease of Use
93
Creativity
88
Age Range
88
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$1.77

Includes twenty games for the Scratch program

Popular games of Brick Bouncer and Snake

Teaches valuable key concepts

Simple to follow and understand

Hours of fun and entertaining coding

Some wording is printed on dark blue background – hard to read

Information can be outdated

Code Your Own Games! includes twenty games that can be created with the Scratch program and comes in a hardcover edition of 80 pages. It teaches valuable key concepts and is written by Max Wainewright.

Read more

Included are popular games such as Brick Bouncer and Snake that provide hours and hours of fun and entertaining coding concepts. It gives instructions that go step by step, so they are simple to follow and understand. The grade levels of first to sixth and the age range of six to eleven-years-old are the best candidates for this knowledge. The author is well-known in the coding community and has written over twenty software titles just for kids.

Educational value

Using fun games that are popular with children, this volume creatively shows youngsters exactly how these wonderful games are made. It takes them from beginning to end with easy instruction.

Ease of use

Coding for kids could not be any easier than with this beginner book that takes them step by step into the processes. It uses Scratch which is the basic program for the start of coding.

Creativity

Software books such as this one introduce kids to the possibilities of coding and the choices they can make in creating their own games. It will spark the creative process and get them thinking in the right direction.

Age range

Very young children can begin coding with this simple book of games. Even first graders can understand some computer ideas and direction. Those six to eleven will do the best with this volume.

5. Get Coding!

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
88.3
Get Coding!
Amazon Link
Educational Value
90
Ease of Use
91
Creativity
87
Age Range
85
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$12.99

How to build games, apps, and websites

Essential coding guide for kids

How to complete JavaScript, CSS, and HTML

User-friendly with the format

Has a diamond quest for the theme

Did not really explain the “why” of everything clearly

Can be challenging for some

Offered in paperback and library binding formats, Get Coding! shows how to build games, apps, and websites and is an essential guide for kids. It is user-friendly with the format for the grades of fourth to seventh.

Read more

Teaching how to complete JavaScript, CSS, and HTML, this 208-page book is best for those of the ages of nine to twelve. To keep kids interested, it uses a diamond quest for the theme to lead children to the make-believe jewelry thieves. The information is given in easy small chunks of data for better understanding and is written by an organization called Young Rewired State. The writers are a group of international kids that are quite tech-savvy and all under the age of eighteen.

Educational value

The formats of JavaScript, CSS, and HTML will be introduced and explored in this creative volume. Most children will encounter this knowledge in school at an early age, so it is good to begin early at home.

Ease of use

Because coding books can be boring in some spots, the authors use a jewelry heist theme to keep kids progressing to the end. It is a clever way to get through the mundane data they need to know.

Creativity

All sorts of things can be invented with the help of this guide. Children can make games, apps, and websites on their own as they follow the instructions that are provided.

Age range

Fourth to seventh graders will be excited with this coding book that teaches programming for kids. It is a book written by young people for young people, so the wording will be easily understood.

6. My First Coding Book

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
86.8
My First Coding Book
Amazon Link
Educational Value
88
Ease of Use
90
Creativity
85
Age Range
84
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$8.99

Packed with games, mazes, and puzzles

Teaches debugging, algorithms, and sequences

Builds logic and critical thinking

Uses play and imagery to be engaging and fun

Supports STEAM and STEM initiatives

Has a lot of text for this age level

Can be too complicated for five-year-olds

Offered as a board book, My First Coding Book is written by Kiki Prottsman and uses paper engineering to teach coding of a computer to kids. It supports STEAM and STEM initiatives of education and is 24 pages long.

Read more

This terrific book shows young kids the basic concepts and programming skills needed to code without the use of a computer such as loops and sequencing. It is a hands-on playful introduction to programming and coding offline that is packed with games, mazes, and puzzles to teach debugging, algorithms, and sequences. It builds the skills of logic and critical thinking to begin lifelong literacy in computers with the use of play and imagery to make the learning engaging and fun.

Educational value

Some fairly intricate items are taught with this paper engineering book such as debugging, algorithms, and sequences to very young children. It just goes to show that it is never too early to start.

Ease of use

Because this book does not use a computer to show the basic concepts of coding, it can be used anywhere and without the use of the Internet. It can make real coding much easier further down the line.

Creativity

Once kids see how things begin and function with coding, then they can take matters into their own hands and try their hands with their own ideas. Such books are good for sparking this ingenuity.

Age range

Best for those in kindergarten to second grade, this volume on coding gives those in the age range of five to seven a good head start with the ideas.

7. Coding for Kids: Beginners Guide

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
85.5
Coding for Kids: Beginners Guide
Amazon Link
Educational Value
87
Ease of Use
88
Creativity
83
Age Range
84
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$33.32

Assumes no prior knowledge of coding

Actual programming to do and tutorials

Includes entry-level common languages

Explains how video games are created

Provides practical applications along the way

Could use more information

Can be confusing for very young kids

Provided in the formats of paperback, audiobook, and Kindle and authored by Simon Weber, this Coding for Kids volume starts at the very beginning and assumes that the reader has no prior knowledge of programming at all.

Read more

It has actual programming to do and helpful tutorials included, so it is not a complicated book at all. adults can learn from this book too as it gives practical applications along the way in its 105 pages. This wonderful volume includes the most entry-level common languages of Python, Ruby, and Java to name a few. It also explains exactly how video games are created and shows how to make them yourself.

Educational value

Using the entry-level programs that are simple and common today, users will learn quickly the vocabulary and concepts needed to understand games and codes well.

Ease of use

Since this book assumes that the reader knows absolutely nothing about programs and codes, it is a good starting book for those that need to begin at zero or a great refresher for those that need further understanding.

Creativity

Explaining the “why” and what makes programs work will give the user the knowledge to break off on their own and make their own codes and programs. It spurs the imagination to begin coding.

Age range

There is no recommended age level for this book because it can be used efficiently by children and adults the same. A good minimum age would be about six or seven-years-old because it starts from step one.

8. Coding for Kids: Scratch

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
84
Coding for Kids: Scratch
Amazon Link
Educational Value
85
Ease of Use
86
Creativity
83
Age Range
82
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$9.99

Is a complete guide for children

Shows how to make ten fun games

Learn code blocks, sprites, and scripts

Provides clear directions

Has screenshots in full color

Must have the Internet for the activities

Requires an adult for help

Coding for Kids is written by Matthew Highland for ages six to ten and available in Kindle and paperback editions. This is a complete guide for children and shows how to make ten fun games to use in playing with others.

Read more

It shows how to use Scratch to create games and builds confidence in coding concepts. Kids learn code blocks, sprites, scripts, and scorekeeping techniques with the provided clear directions. Projects become progressively harder to learn the basics as each task is accomplished. The exciting games created include Dino Hunt, Cake Clicker, and Crystal Keeper in this 172-page volume. There are screenshots in full color to help with the instructions. The author is the co-founder and CEO of a coding school in California for kids.

Educational value

Since the author is a founder of a successful coding school, the learning process of this instruction is tried and proven. Children do learn how to code quickly with this format.

Ease of use

Screenshots show kids exactly what they are supposed to do each step of the way in this volume. Along with the instructions, the progress of making the ten included games will be easy.

Creativity

Playing computer games is really fun but making your own is even better. Not only do you get cool games to play with friends, but you will also learn to implement your own ideas for other games.

Age range

School-aged children in the range of six to ten will benefit most from this book on computer programming for kids. They can not only read the text well but also recreate the steps needed for the tasks.

9. Coding for Kids: Python

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
82.5
Coding for Kids: Python
Amazon Link
Educational Value
84
Ease of Use
84
Creativity
82
Age Range
80
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$9.99

Fifty activities and games included

Helpful screenshots and hacks for guidance

Learning is game based

Develops independent thinking and creativity

Directions are straightforward

Good reading comprehension is required

Some of the projects are difficult to do

Available in paperback and Kindle versions, Coding for Kids using Python includes fifty activities and games in learning how to code. It is authored by Adrienne B. Tacke and is entertaining fun with results in real time.

Read more

This volume uses Python which is the advanced next step after Scratch. It shows the basic steps of programming for coding in 236 pages designed for those aged ten to eighteen. Helpful screenshots and hacks guide you along the path to move and draw shapes, make code blocks, and tackle fundamental functions. The learning is game-based as it develops independent thinking and creativity. The directions are straightforward and simple to follow. The author is a writer, advocate for STEM education, and a software engineer.

Educational value

Once the fifty games have been made using Python, your child’s knowledge of coding and programming will be amazing. Just think of all they will know and be able to do with this information.

Ease of use

With directions that are straightforward and screenshots to show what is to be done, the progress of creating and understanding will flow well. both kids and adults can use this book for coding basics.

Creativity

The games become more complicated and the ideas become more profound with this advanced program. The basic knowledge already gained will spark new ideas and creative thinking for Python games.

Age range

Being a more advanced coding book, this volume covers Python which is best for those in the age range of ten to eighteen. Some basic concepts are required at this stage that are taught in Scratch.

10. Coding in Scratch 3

The rating is based on the average rating (1-100) from all the criteria in which we rated this product.
80.3
Coding in Scratch 3
Amazon Link
Educational Value
82
Ease of Use
79
Creativity
81
Age Range
79
best offer for today
Amazon Link
$9.99

Teaches the latest version Scratch 3 model

Delightful, hilarious, and wonderful

Takes the reader step by step

Inspires children to aim for exciting careers

Methods are proven to work

Text can be blurry on Kindle version

Does not have enough examples

Coding for Kids in Scratch 3 is 149 pages in length and teaches the latest version of Scratch which is the Scratch 3 model. It is the most powerful language of coding for kids today and is best for those in grades three to eight.

Read more

Written by Raj Sidhu and offered in Kindle and paperback versions, this volume for eight to fourteen-year-olds teaches how to apply what is learned with fun projects. Delightfully engaging, hilariously written, and wonderfully illustrated, this guide takes the reader step by step through the coding process. It inspires children to aim for exciting careers in technology with its positive wording. The included methods are proven to work and have been tried on thousands of kids worldwide.

Educational value

The original Scratch is still in use, but this latest version of Scratch 3 has much more to teach kids. It is the first step for those interested in computer games and how they function.

Ease of use

Each step of the coding information is illustrated with color photos to use for guidance. This method of learning works well as it has already been a huge success in many places with kids.

Creativity

Fun projects and games are the mode of learning the sometimes complicated and boring concepts of code with this book on coding for kids. They will learn as they have loads of fun with each task.

Age range

Those in third to eighth grade will get the most from this book on programming for kids. It is not as basic as the original version of Scratch since the concepts are a bit more difficult.

Criteria Used for Evaluation

Educational Value

Coding and programming are some of the hottest career choices these days for young people to choose and do well with. It all begins with the basics at a young age and some of the simplest programs to implement the learning and concepts. These coding books for kids will help your child begin this wonderful start and learn the coding programs of Scratch and Python quickly and efficiently.

Their future in coding begins now at home learning what they can to make their future even brighter. Many occupations today benefit from the use of this valuable knowledge.

Ease of Use

Each one of the books is intended for the beginner in coding or those with very little knowledge of it. The text is simple and easy to understand with many graphic illustrations or screenshots to help guide the user. To just read a coding book would be so boring, so authors have implemented the learning with fun and creative games, activities, and projects to keep kids interested and help use what they have learned.

Creativity

So many things can be created with computers, programming, and coding that the boundaries are endless. The imaginations of children will be running wild with excitement once they view the possibilities of coding and programming in these coding books for kids. It just takes a few projects or games created in one of the programs to give children their own ideas of what they would like to create. This is how the next generation of inventors and engineers is born.

Age Range

The best ages for learning how to code are in the range of five to fourteen-years-old. The majority of these coding books for kids though begin at a very early age around six or seven, since kids are already being exposed to computers and computer games at school. These books allow the child to learn at home at their own pace and possibly get a head start on what they will cover in class.

Most Important Criteria (According to our experts opinion)
Sort criterias acording to:
Experts Opinion Editors Opinion Users Opinion By Default
Click on a to rate the most important criteria:
#1
Educational Value
Rate This Criteria as Most Important
#2
Ease of Use
Rate This Criteria as Most Important
#3
Creativity
Rate This Criteria as Most Important
#4
Age Range
Rate This Criteria as Most Important
Parents, Did You Know?

Scratch is an online programming tool that is free for children to teach them coding. It has a graphical interface that is simple where code blocks can be dragged and dropped easily to snap together. Syntax errors are not possible, so it is perfect for youngsters who cannot type on a computer yet.

Parents, Did You Know?

To create more complicated programs, there is Python for pre-teens and teens. It has a simple syntax, includes a friendly and larger developer community, and creates readable code. It is the next step after Scratch for kids. Games are usually the beginning point for kids learning to code. Inspiration comes from such games as Flappy Bird, Minecraft, and Angry Birds.

Other Factors to Consider

Support

Any book that teaches a new concept or idea is meant to support the learning that is taking place. These coding books for kids do just that by introducing the needed concepts and vocabulary, showing the child what is happening with illustrations, and then getting them to perform the task themselves with the program of choice. With such guidance, kids will learn coding quickly and easily but with the most exciting game sand activities.

Logic

Coding books for kids get youngster thinking critically about computers and all they can do. With the games, activities, and projects included in these volumes, children will begin using their logic skills as they see what is being done to result in the final process. Critical thinking is a main part of coding because problems are solved along the way as things might not work as planned. It gets kids to think on their feet and figure out an answer to the issue.

Frequently Asked Questions

q: What is the age range for learning how to code?

a:

Kids can start with computers and programming as young as five-years-old depending on their understanding and computer exposure. This really depends on the individual since some kids are introduced to computers at an early age while others are not. The age range of five to ten is best for beginner coding and programming.

q: Are these books for beginners or those that already have some coding knowledge?

a:

We have included a variety of coding books here to cover all age and grade levels. Some assume that the user knows nothing of coding, while others require that you understand some basic concepts already. Any of the Scratch books should be a great beginning for anyone.

q: Which programs do these books teach?

a:

The basic programs for coding for kids are Scratch and Python. Scratch is for the youngest of kids and Python is for older children with some computer knowledge. The book, My First Coding Book, does not teach a specific program but guides the user offline in the basic understanding of computer coding and programming in the simplest way possible.

q: Do parents have to help kids with these books and the programs, or can they do it themselves?

a:

This answer depends greatly on the age and reading proficiency of the child. if the child cannot read the book text but can do the steps on the computer, then someone will have to read the instructions to them and help guide them. If the child can read and understand the text, then they can possibly do the activities and games alone without help.

q: What is needed to learn how to code?

a:

You will need either a laptop or a desktop computer and access to the Internet to download the Python or Scratch program for coding. After that, just the computer is needed for exercises, projects, and games. We do feature one book, My First Coding Book, that does not use a computer or the Internet at all. it is a board book that uses paper engineering to teach the smallest kids the vocabulary and ideas of coding. It is the perfect introductory book for anyone that has no knowledge of coding or programming.

q: Where is the best place to start for those with no programming or coding knowledge whatsoever?

a:

The best starting point is with one of the Scratch books. This program is the most basic for kids and even adults who want to learn how to code and what happens in coding. There is the older version of Scratch which is the original 2.0, or you can use the newest one, the Scratch 3 version.

Sources

  1. Al Sweigart, 6 tips for teaching kids to code, Online Article
  2. Weston Hagan, 4 TIPS TO GET KIDS CODING THIS SUMMER, Online Article
  3. David Dodge, Coding for Kids: The Ultimate Guide for Parents in 2019, Online Article